Argument for Sonja Livingston’s Inclusion in the Literary...

The literary canon is those works considered by scholars, critics, and teachers to be the most important to read and study, which collectively constitute the â€Å"masterpieces† of literature. (Meyer 2175) In the past there has been much debate on whether non-fiction should be considered for inclusion in the canon, but non-fiction writers being considered part of the canon is not unheard of, and is already a reality – George Orwell, Henry David Thoreau, Ernest Hemingway- all had a significant body of non-fictional work and are well respected, well established members. Sonja Livingston’s work is part of a genre called creative non-fiction. As stated in his article for The Writer, Lee Gutkind states, â€Å"Creative nonfiction-also called new†¦show more content†¦Sonja Livingston is a talented and unique young writer who uses an unusual structure in her work. Structure is the form that an author’s writing takes; how the sentences are formed and how they are placed together to create the work. In Ghostbread, her award-winning novel, Ms. Livingstone uses a freeform chapter structure that, while roughly in chronological order, is not necessarily linear. In chapter 3, Ms. Livingston speaks of her father, â€Å"I had no father† (6), and then in chapter 4 she speaks of a childhood friend, â€Å"My favorite person should have been Carol Johnson.† (7) Through the course of the book, Ms. Livingston chronicles her life from birth to age 18, but it is not a strict telling; she meanders and explores events as they are remembered, not bound by a rigid timeline. The structure of her work is unconventional and through that unconventional structure she gives the reader an experience that is more like poetry than a conventional novel. Towards the end of Ghostbread, Ms. Livingston contemplates the effect that her miscarriage and the revelation of her sexual activity will have on her relationship with her mother with this passage, â€Å"Sex. Pregnancy. Men. What were they to her? Failure? Freedom? Power? Paths she followed, but did not prescribe. At least not aloud.† (212). The use of partial sentences and imagery are elements commonly associated with poetry and it gives

Tetley Tea Alternative Advertisement - 9302 Words

Contents Executive Summary 3 Tea in Pakistan 4 Headlines 4 Trends 4 Competitive Landscape 5 Prospects 6 Category Data 8 Company Snapshot 11 SWOT ANALYSIS FOR TETLEY 13 Buyer Analysis 16 Brand Loyalty 16 Demographics 16 Consumer awareness 16 Factors related to Consumer Behavior:- 16 Who buys the product? 17 Market segmentation 18 Target Market 18 Market Segmentation Basis 18 Demographics 18 Age 18 Education 18 Income 18 Use Situation 19 Use Related 19 BENEFIT 19 Goals 19 Selection of Goals 20 Positive Motivation 20 Rational vs. Emotional Motives 20 Success and Failure Influence 20 Substitute Goals 21 Arousal of Motives 21 Maslow’s Needs 21 Attitude Formation of Tetley 21†¦show more content†¦While the majority of tea is sold through retail outlets, foodservice volume sales increased at a faster rate in 2009, 7%, than retail volume sales, 5%. Small independent restaurants, which are present throughout the country, particularly in rural areas, are the key sellers of food service tea. Small independent restaurants that sell inexpensive food also sell loose tea. These restaurants are widespread throughout Pakistan and are found in both rural and urban areas. Restaurants that target middle- and upper-income groups generally sell packaged/branded tea. Lipton and Tapal are the key brands which are used by foodservice channels. In addition to retail sales through restaurants, almost all small and large grocery stores carry packaged tea as one of their main products. There are, however, speciality tea shops in key areas that sell a large variety of loose tea. The price of tea per kg increased by 43% to PKR408 in 2009. Black standard tea bags suffered the highest price increases in 2009, jumping by 46%. Tea prices increased on a global scale in 2009, as a result of poor harvests in Kenya, Sri Lanka and India, while the situation was exacerbated in Pakistan due to its rupee losing value against the US dollar. As Pakistani consumers become increasingly aware of Western trends and lifestyles they have been drawn to fruit/herbal tea. Local producers have been quick to capitalise onShow MoreRelatedTapal Danedar Marketing Mix3370 Words   |  14 PagesPRICING AND PRICING STRATEGY 10 DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL 11 DESIGNING THE CHANNEL 12 MEETING THE CHALLENGES IN FACING CHANNEL MEMBERS 14 BIBLIOGRAPHY 15 Product Attributes Tapal Danedar and Family mixture are the largest selling tea brands of Pakistan. The brand was born from its inherent granular ingredient. Currently, the brand name has become generic and was even used later by Lipton, after which Tapal launched its own campaign called Asli Tapal Danedar. In this way, the brandRead MoreImpact of Celebrity Endorsement with Non-Celebrity Endorsement8007 Words   |  33 Pageswho are socially prominent, allowing companies to advertise their products with statements like as used by such-and-such an actress, or the official product of company/event X. 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Literature review on entrepreneurial finance Free Essays

Introduction Research Proposal Although it appears to be contentious whether availability of finance impacts on entrepreneurial entry to markets (Kim et al., 2006, p. 5), it is likely to be a critical factor in determining the early success or failure of any new start-up venture. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature review on entrepreneurial finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now What is more, it has also been implicated as an important factor in determining the ongoing success of the business (Marlow Patton, 2005, p. 717; Capelleras et al., 2008, p. 688). The literature would also appear to indicate that the balance between the availability to and uptake by entrepreneurs of different forms of finance may have wider effects on the national economy (Deidda Fattouh, 2008, p. 6). Therefore it may be important to gain a better understanding of the level of availability of different forms of finance to start-up ventures, along with different factors affecting their uptake by entrepreneurs. Background This section of the proposal provides a brief overview of the literature on the different financing options available to start-up ventures, focusing on bank finance and venture capital. Bank Finance There is a lack of recent research available as to trends in funding of entrepreneurs in The Netherlands. Understanding of such trends in other countries, where extensive research has taken place in the field of entrepreneurial finance, could result in the understanding as well as the applicability of general findings to The Netherlands and any other country. Evidence confirms that banks continued to provide a major source of finance for SMEs in the 1990s (Hughes, 1997, p. 151) although it would be expected that the recent financial crisis could have impacted this (Udell, 2011, p. 103). While relaxing financial constraints may allow greater access to bank financing for entrepreneurs, it may also encourage excessive entry to the market and may also undermine bank-monitoring incentives according to Arping et al. (2010, p. 26). Evidence from developing nations such as South Africa suggest that access to formal bank financing is likely to be a determinant of start-up rates in any given region (Naude et al., 2008, p. 111). There was however, little consideration in this paper as to whether availability of venture capital had any moderating effect on this relationship, and other sources suggest that this may be less important than availability of human capital (Kim et al., 2006, p. 5). There may not only be issues associated with availability of bank finance, but also access to it. There is some suggestion within the literature that women may be somewhat disadvantaged in securing bank finance when compared to their male counterparts (Marlow Patton, 2005, p. 717; Carter et al., 2007, p. 427). Other authors have disputed this, although it is possible that these differences could be accounted for by different geographical foci (Sabarwal et al., 2009, p. 1). There is also some suggestion that differences may exist between ethnic groups in access to bank finance (Smallbone et al., 2003, p. 291) while other personal characteristics of entrepreneurs could also create barriers (Irwin Scott, 2010, p. 245). The relationship between banks and entrepreneurs could be key to enabling access. Research from Italy suggests that there could be trust issues between young entrepreneurial firms and bank managers. This may be particularly true where there is perceived to be heavy monitoring, and may lead to lower levels of demand for bank financing (Howorth Moro, 2006, p. 495). There is some evidence that the ownership of the bank itself may influence the relationships it forms with businesses of all types, including start-ups. In particular, the evidence suggests that firms are more likely to maintain exclusive relationships with state-owned banks, which may indicate greater levels of trust than compared to foreign or privately owned banks (Berger et al., 2008, p. 37). The literature identifies some strategies that may be effective in helping to overcome these barriers. For example in emerging economies, networking has been implicated as an important strategy in helping small to medium enterprises (SMEs) secure bank financing. This more specifically relates to networking with customers and government officials (Le Nguyen, 2009, p. 867). There is some suggestion that firms in developed countries are more likely to incorporate in order to access formal bank financing (Acs et al., 2008, p. 10). Financing Preferences It has been speculated that young businesses may require more than just monetary input, but also require access to expertise. This argument has been proposed predominantly in the context of technology firms, who may lack experience in research and development. Such businesses may benefit from expertise provided by venture capital firms who possess expertise and skills in this area (Keuschnigg Nielsen, 2005, p. 222). It would however be suggested that this may extend into some other sectors on the basis of research by Kim et al. (2006, p. 5) which found that availability of human capital was instrumental in determining entrepreneurial entry to markets. Quantitative surveys conducted amongst start-up firms has suggested that various characteristics of those ventures may determine the structure and types of finance which are utilized, including size, assets, growth orientation and owner characteristics (Cassar, 2004, p. 261). When selecting venture capital, businesses must consider contracts carefully, as these will have a significant impact on how the firm is able to exit at a later stage (Cumming, 2008, p. 1947). de Bettignies and Brander (2007, p. 808) argue that venture capital may be preferred to bank finance when venture capital productivity is high and entrepreneurial productivity is low. Winton and Yerramilli (2008, p. 51) suggest that there may be different criteria for determining preference, based on preference for risky or safe continuation practices and relative costs associated with finance options. For example, they suggest that if venture capital companies lower their cost of capital, this may entice some entrepreneurs to switch from safe continuation strategies utilizing bank finance, to riskier strategies utilizing venture capital. Study Aims and Objectives It would appear that many of the studies discussed in the previous section have much to contribute to a better understanding of how entrepreneurs select between bank and venture capital financing. However, most have focused on only limited aspects of the issue. A literature review that aims to take a wider perspective may therefore be useful in providing a better understanding of what may be a relatively complex decision-making process. In particular, most of the evidence available has examined the availability and access to bank financing, with much less information available on comparison to venture capital availability and access. Yet contrasting the benefits and limitations of the two may be important in enabling entrepreneurs to make an informed decision when structuring their start-up finance arrangements. Research Statement The research aims to conduct a review of the literature that will enable comparison of benefits and limitations of bank finance and venture capital. Research Questions The following research questions will be addressed by the review: Are there differences in the availability of and access to bank financing and venture capital to businesses Does the availability and access to different types of finance impact choices made by entrepreneurs Are there common barriers to bank finance and venture capital or are some barriers specific to one option When successfully answered, the findings from the previous questions should give answer to the following question by means of a recommendation: Are there any strategies that may enable entrepreneurs to overcome these barriers? References Acs, Z.J., Desai, S. Klapper, L.F. (2008) What does ‘Entrepreneurship’ data really showA comparison of the global entrepreneurship monitor and world bank group datasets. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4667. Accessed 13 May 2011, from: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1233043. Arping, S., Loranth, G. Morrison, A.D. (2010). Public initiatives to support entrepreneurs: Credit guarantees versus co-funding. Journal of Financial Stability, 6(1): 26-35. Berger, A.N., Klapper, L.F., Peria, M.S.M. Zaidi, R. (2008). Bank ownership type and banking relationships. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 17(1): 37-62. Capelleras, J.-L., Mole, K.F., Greene, F.J. Storey, D.J. (2008). Do more heavily regulated economies have poorer performing new venturesEvidence from Britain and Spain. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(4): 688-704. Carter, S., Shaw, E., Lam, W. Wilson, F. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurship, and bank lending: The criteria and processes used by bank loan officers in assessing applications. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3): 427-444. Cassar, G. (2004). The financing of business start ups. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(2): 261-283. Cumming, D. (2008). Contracts and exits in venture capital finance. The Review of Financial Studies, 21(5): 1947-1982. de Bettignies, J.-E. Brander, J.A. (2007). Financing entrepreneurship: Bank finance versus venture capital. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(6): 808-832. Deidda, L. Fattouh, B. (2008). Banks, financial markets and growth. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 17(1): 6-36. Howorth, C. Moro, A. (2006). Trust within entrepreneur bank relationships: Insights from Italy. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(4): 495-517. Hughes, A. (1997). Finance for SMEs: A UK perspective. Business and Economics, 9(2): 151-168. Irwin, D. Scott, J.M. (2010). Barriers faced by SMEs in raising bank finance. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour Research, 16(3): 245-259. Keuschnigg, C. Nielsen, S.B. (2005) ‘Public policy for start-up entrepreneurship with venture capital and bank finance’. In V. Kanniainen C. Keuschnigg (Eds.) Venture Capital, Entrepreneurship, and Public Policy. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, pp. 221-250. Kim, P.H., Aldrich, H.E. Keister, L.A. (2006). Access (not) denied: The impact of financial, human, and cultural capital on entrepreneurial entry in the United States. Small Business Economics, 27(1): 5-22. Le, N.T.B. Nguyen, T.V. (2009). The impact of networking on bank financing: The case of small and medium-sized enterprises in Vietnam. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(4): 867-887. Marlow, S. Patton, D. (2005). All credit to menEntrepreneurship, finance, and gender. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(6): 717-735. Naude, W., Gries, T., Wood, E. Meintijies, A. (2008) Regional determinants of entrepreneurial start-ups in a developing country. Entrepreneurship Regional Development, 20(2): 111-124. Sabarwal, S., Terrell, K. Bardasi, E. (2009). How do Female Entrepreneurs PerformEvidence from Three Developing Regions. World Bank. Accessed 15 May 2011, from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENDER/Resources/336003-1240628924155/Sabarwal_Terrell_Bardasi_Entrep_All_CWE.pdf. Smallbone, D., Ram, M., Deakins, D. Aldock, R.B. (2003). Access to finance by ethnic minority businesses in the UK. International Small Business Journal, 21(3): 291-314. Udell, G.F. (2011). SME financing and the financial crisis: A framework and some issues. In G. Calcagnini I. Favaretto (Eds.) The Economics of Small Businesses: An International Perspective. London: Springer Heidelberg, pp. 103-113. Winton, A. Yerramilli, V. (2008). Entrepreneurial finance: Banks versus venture capital. Journal of Financial Economics, 88(1): 51-79. How to cite Literature review on entrepreneurial finance, Essay examples

Competitive Strategy for Informatics- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCompetitive Strategy for Telematics and Informatics. Answer: Apple Apple Inc. was incorporated in the year 1976. Likened to one of the giants in Silicon industry, it designs, builds and does advertising of mobile communication, media devices, computers and handy music players. It also merchandises a range of linked software, accessories, facilities, third-party digital content, apps as well as networking solutions. It is spread all over Europe, America, China, Japan etc. Some of the most famous Apple products are iPhone, iPad, Mac, Apple Watch, Apple TV etc., several specialized software and apps plus a range of accessories, service and support services. It stands #9 in Global Forbes List and is worth US$752 billion as of today. Apple enjoys its status because of its thirst to always innovate. This provided it with the needed competitive advantage. Let us discuss the competitive strategy of Apple using Porter's five forces to understand better. This analysis shows that industry competition and bargaining power of buyers are two of the strongest forces influencing Apple's profitability. Whereas, bargaining power of suppliers, availability of substitute products and the threat of new entrants are comparatively weaker rudiments amongst industrial forces. To elaborate, let us evaluate the competition in the industry for Apple. The competition is immense with competitors like Google, Samsung, Amazon etc. this is because the cost to switch brands for the customer is not much, example a customer opting to but Amazon Kindle instead of iPad. Apple has however built a unique product and made it synonymous with posh image' with a lot of celebrity endorsements and offering niche product (Rao, 2017). The bargaining power of buyers is high because of low switching costs among its competitors Samsung Headquartered in Seoul, Samsung is a giant group of companies from Korea. It began as a trading company in the late 1930s and entered the electronics business only in late 60s. it is world's second largest IT company, Samsung's revenue itself comprises of the major chunk of total South Korea's GDP. Samsung has made a grand entry in mobile phones industry and gives a strong competition to its competitors especially Apple, Microsoft and Google. Samsung has adopted the red ocean strategy to gain a competitive edge as part of its strategy (Lee, 2014). The red ocean strategy means a brand entering the market and flooding it with own products at a comparatively cheap price. This helps undercut its competitors. Samsung is also known as an innovative tech company and unlike Apple does not take tiactually helped Samsung gain a position and capture market in a short duration of time. Using this strategy, Samsung has actually made its markets by compensating for deficits in Apple products and offering their own products at cheaper price. Building on the weakness of competition has always been Samsungs strategy but this is why it is also dragged to court over patent conflicts (Kim, Park and Kim, 2015). Also, this makes Samsung stand out as a brand that is not as innovative' Even for launches, it always waits till the competitor releases their version. Only then, it launches its own product which is usually an improvisation on the com petitor product. Samsung has however changed its strategy to stand out as an innovative company itself. It has invested quite a sum of money into RD. Secondly, it has also invested heavily in advertising as part of brand recognition. The more one sees a name again and again more strong the memory is on the subconscious mind. Third Samsung has brought out products of all price ranges (Nagle, Hogan and Zale, 2016). This is to cater to small, medium and premium product buyers. When compared this to Samsung's competitors, it is seen that most of its competitors are heavily into premium segmented products only. This is where Samsung's strategy works. The strategy has assisted Samsung to overtake Apple in smart phones market (Cardoso, 2017). A point to be considered here is that some customers, especially in the US perceive low-cost products as inferior products which stop Samsung from getting more customers because of its strategy to cater to all kinds of customers. It needs to build spe cific strategies to attract premium customers. Also, its plans to invade Apple's market by coming up with the innovative product instead of copycat' products is also a good move to strengthen the companys position in the market built and monopolized by Apple for a long time (Karhu, Tang and Hamalainen, 2014). Still, they should emphasize more on innovation and quality to make its hold on the market stable. Also, it recent fiasco with Note 7 did not go down well with its followers and Samsung lost a lot of hard work, revenue and most importantly, brand image. It should probably have a stronger quality check team too. References Books Rao, C.B., 2017.Competitive strategy. Notion Press. Nagle, T.T., Hogan, J. and Zale, J., 2016.The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing: New International Edition. Routledge. Journals Lee, F.Y., 2014. Competitive Advantages of Smartphone Industry in 4G Era-A case study of SAMSUNG and SONY. Karhu, K., Tang, T. and Hmlinen, M., 2014. Analyzing competitive and collaborative differences among mobile ecosystems using abstracted strategy networks.Telematics and Informatics,31(2), pp.319-333. Kim, S.Y., Park, S.T. and Kim, Y.K., 2015. Samsung-Apple patent war case analysis: focus on the strategy to deal with patent litigation.Journal of digital convergence,13(3), pp.117-125. Lee, J., Lee, K. and Heo, J., 2015. Supplier Partnership Strategy and Global Competitiveness: A Case of Samsung Electronics.Eurasian Journal of Business and Management,3(4), pp.1-12. Cardoso, E.A.R.P., 2017.Examining the differences of the internationalization strategies of two of the major brands in the smartphone industry-Apple inc. versus Samsung electronics(Doctoral dissertation). Straker, K. and Wrigley, C., 2016. 11. The role of emotion, experience and meaning: the comparative case of Apple and Samsung.International Perspectives on Business Innovation and Disruption in Design, p.231.